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DEMOCRATIC RESTORATION AND ELECTIONS (1979–PRESENT DAY)
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During the 1980s, cultivation of illicit coca was established in large areas on the eastern Andean slope. Rural insurgent movements, like the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso, SL) and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) increased during this ... |
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THE ALTERNATION BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND MILITARISM (1930–1979)
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After the worldwide crisis of 1929, numerous brief governments followed one another. The APRA party had the opportunity to cause system reforms by means of political actions, but it was not successful. This was a nationalistic movement, populist and ... |
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ARISTOCRATIC REPUBLIC (1884–1930)
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After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms in order to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1... |
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TERRITORIAL DISPUTES (1824–1884)
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After independence, Peru and its neighbors engaged in intermittent territorial disputes.A short-lived attempt to reunite Peru and Bolivia was made during the period 1836–1839 when the Peru-Bolivian Confederation came into existence, severe internal o... |
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WARS OF INDEPENDENCE (1810–1824)
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Peru's movement toward independence was launched by an uprising of Spanish-American landowners and their forces, led by José de San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of Venezuela. San Martín, who had displaced the royalists of Chile after the Bat... |
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VICEROYALTY OF PERU (1542–1824)
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In 1542, the Spanish Crown created the Viceroyalty of Peru, which was reorganized after the arrival of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572. He put an end to the indigenous State of Vilcabamba, executed Tupac Amaru I. He also sought economic developme... |
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THE ETYMOLOGY OF PERU
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The word Peru may be derived from Birú, the name of a local ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama, in the early 16th century. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New Worl... |
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CONQUEST OF PERU (1532–1572)
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When the Spanish landed in 1531, Peru's territory was the nucleus of the highly developed Inca civilization. Centered at Cuzco, the Inca Empire extended over a vast region, stretching from northern Ecuador to central Chile.Francisco Pizarro and his b... |
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INCA EMPIRE (1438–1532)
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The Incas built the largest empire and dynasty of pre-Columbian America.[6] The Tahuantinsuyo which is derived from Quechua for "The Four United Regions" reached its greatest extension at the beginning of the 16th century. It dominated a territory th... |
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PRE-COLUMBIAN CULTURES
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Hunting tools dating back to more than 11,000 years have been found in the caves in Pachacamac, Telarmachay, Junin and Lauricocha. Some of the oldest civilizations appeared circa 6000 BC in the coastal provinces of Chilca and Paracas, and in the high... |
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