Peru's history covers a continuous basis over 14 millennia of continuous human occupation. The first human groups would have reached the end of glaciation wisconsiense millennium BC to the thirteenth C. as hunter-gatherers, whose offspring develop horticulture to the VIII millennium BC C.. Since then launched an escalation in the social and cultural complexity of the peoples of the region that gave birth to ancient Peru. By the fourth millennium BC C., appeared on the central coast early societies with monumental architecture that is woven an extensive trade network linking products from the Amazon and the coast of Ecuador. Formed Caral-Supe culture, vanished into the 1,800 a. C. while giving way to new towns on the coast north and south, beginning the rise of post Cupisnique and Chavin phenomenon, a cultural center that articulated agricultural societies of his time up to 200 a. C..
Chavín was succeeded by the first militarized states of the Moche and Nazca north to south, emerged alongside the rise of Tiahuanaco on the Altiplano. By 600, arises in the Ayacucho region Huari culture, rooted in the development of terraces for growing maize, which showed a remarkable urban development and Nazca and Tiahuanaco influence. Huari gradually expanded across the Andes north to Cajamarca. At the beginning of the second millennium of political power was divided, giving rise several central state as Lambayeque and Chimu and Chincha in the north to the south. The latter mounted a vast network of trade from Ecuador to the highlands. In 1438, the Inca Empire began its expansion to dominate, to the sixteenth century, the largest territory in the Western Hemisphere.
In 1532, pass the Conquest of Peru, led by Francisco Pizarro in support of some dissident peoples of the empire, succeeded by the civil wars between the conquistadores to the final establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1572. The arrival of the Spanish and the colonial era meant the introduction of the Catholic Church and an intense mixture between Spanish, Indians and blacks as slaves taken from Africa. During the seventeenth century, mining dominated the mercantile economy of the viceroyalty, especially around Potosi.
The aggressive implementation of reforms in the eighteenth century Bourbon encouraged successive rebellions that led to the violent rebellion of Tupac Amaru II. The French invasion of Spain promotes libertarian ideas in Peru, which declared its independence in 1821 and strengthened in 1824 with the support of liberation movements in the south and north.
Traditionally, Peruvian history is divided into pre-Columbian times, Colonial (from the Conquest) and Republican (after independence).
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